NBA legend Bill Russell broke records and racial barriers—as a champion player, pioneering coach, and fearless civil rights activist. His impact still echoes today.
It happened in April 1966
By Milton Kirby | Atlanta, GA | April 19, 2025
William Felton Russell was more than a basketball legend—he was a trailblazer for justice, leadership, and a powerful image in sports and society.
Born on February 12, 1934, in Monroe, Louisiana, and raised in Oakland, California, Bill Russell rose to prominence at the University of San Francisco, where he led the Dons to two NCAA championships.
Bill Russell with Championship Rings
In 1956, he joined the Boston Celtics and forever changed the game of basketball.
Over 13 seasons, Russell led the Celtics to 11 NBA championships, the most by any player in league history. He was a five-time MVP, 12-time All-Star, and a gold medalist at the 1956 Olympics. Yet his influence reached far beyond the court.
Trailblazing Coach and Leader
On April 17, 1966, following the Celtics’ championship win and Red Auerbach’s retirement as head coach, Russell made history as the first Black head coach in NBA history. Appointed as a player-coach, he led the team while still anchoring the defense on the court. Under his guidance, the Celtics won two more NBA championships in 1968 and 1969.
After retiring from playing, Russell returned to coaching in May 1973, when he was hired to lead the Seattle SuperSonics. His tenure with the Sonics and later the Sacramento Kings marked a new chapter in his coaching legacy—bringing his wisdom and leadership beyond Boston.
Reflections from Teammates and Contemporaries
Russell’s impact on those around him is best reflected in the words of those who knew him best:
Don Nelson, former Celtics teammate, once said:
“There are two types of superstars. One makes himself look good at the expense of the other guys on the floor. But there’s another type who makes the players around him look better than they are, and that’s the type Russell was.”
John Havlicek, another Celtics great, recalled Russell’s intense focus:
“When it’s an important game or an important challenge for him—someone like Chamberlain, or someone coming up that everyone’s touting—the sound of Russell throwing up is a welcome sound, too, because it means he’s keyed up for the game, and around the locker room we grin and say, ‘Man, we’re going to be all right tonight.'”
Paul Pierce, former Celtics star, shared a more lighthearted memory:
“You know that infectious laugh that he had? He’d come in, give you the middle finger and start laughing. When he first did it to me, I was like, ‘Woah.’ And then I’d laugh, and that kind of brought the tension back down.” – NBC Sports Boston
Doc Rivers, former Celtics and current 76ers head coach, emphasized Russell’s trailblazing influence:
“Without Bill Russell, I’m not coaching.”
A Voice for Justice
Off the court, Russell was a fearless advocate for civil rights. He marched with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., stood beside Muhammad Ali in protest of the Vietnam War draft, and never shied away from confronting racism—even when it came from fans in his city.
His principled stance made him a powerful symbol of dignity, resistance, and moral leadership in sports. He understood the platform that came with greatness and used it to push for justice and equality.
Bill Russell receiving Presidential Medal of Freedom
Today, the NBA Finals MVP Award bears his name—a fitting tribute to a man who truly defined what it means to be most valuable. Russell’s legacy isn’t just in the record books. It lives in every athlete who uses their platform for justice, in every team that champions inclusion, and in every fan who believes sports can elevate society.
Russell once said, “What distinguishes a champion is not always winning, but rising each time you fall.”
And rise, he always did. Bill Russell remained a champion in every sense of the word on the court, on the sidelines, and in the fight for civil rights.
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In 2022, predatory payday lenders drained $2.4B in fees from low-income, largely Black and Latino borrowers through high-interest, deceptive loans, Center for Responsible Lending report finds.
By Charlene Crowell | Washington, DC | March 28, 2025
New research from the Center for Responsible Lending (CRL) finds that in just one year – 2022 – cash-strapped borrowers took out over 20 million predatory loans totaling nearly $8.6 billion. The triple-digit annual percentage rates (APRs) and high costs attached to these loans – whether payday, single-payment or installment loans – drained more than $2.4 billion in fees from low-income borrowers.
CRL’s Down the Drain, report provides an update on the effects of payday lending, including online and app-based lending, that remains dominant in low-wealth, largely Black and Latino neighborhoods. Many of these lenders use misleading advertising to lure working people into a cycle of repeat borrowing and growing fees that can leave them struggling for months to repay a debt that reduces each subsequent paycheck.
Photo By Milton Kirby TitleMax Store Front
“Payday loans are designed to trap people in debt and this report shows the scale of the harm,” said report co-author Yasmin Farahi, CRL’s deputy director of state policy and senior policy counsel. “Predatory lending is a public policy choice. Congress and policymakers in states without common sense interest rate limits should enact these usury laws and the executive branch has a duty to enforce them – that is how to keep payday loan sharks at bay.”
Predatory high-cost lenders that offer loans with triple-digit APRs and high, often hidden fees, are trying to evade responsible interest rate limits that currently are in place in 20 states and the District of Columbia.
But these consumer-oriented reforms still leave 30 states where triple-digit interests rates remain legal, including Texas (662%), California (460%), Mississippi (572%), Alabama (456%), and Wisconsin (537%).
These abusive lenders often target working households and communities of color. A 2020 poll by CRL found that Black consumers were twice as likely as white consumers to live within a mile of either a payday lender or a pawnshop. The targeting of these communities can worsen longstanding racial economic disparities.
“Although payday loan fee volume declined early in the pandemic, the Down the Drain report shows a $200 million rebound from 2021 to 2022, reflecting increased strain on consumers’ finances,” said report co-author Lucia Constantine, senior researcher at CRL. “Especially considering changes in the market toward online and longer-term loans, storefront payday lenders in 2022 continued to drain a massive amount of wealth from people and communities with very little wealth.”
Among the report’s notable findings:
• Between 2021 and 2022, payday loan fee volume increased in California by 20%, Texas by 22%, and Florida by 17%. All are bigger percent increaes than the national fee volume experienced;
• States where payday lenders took in highest fee volumes are: Texas at over $1.3 billion, Florida at over $252 million, California over $224 million, Mississippi at over $149 milion, and Michigan at over $78 million. Mississippi’s payday fee total, the fourth highest, is out of proportion to its population size, which is the 35th largest; and
• In the only two states that collect and report statistics on online lending, the share of online payday lending increased from 2019 to 2022: Alaska from 55% to 57% and in California from 25% to 49%.
“As national payday lenders have continued to close storefronts across the country, the market share of online payday lending has increased. By 2019, online lending accounted 41% of single-payment payday loan volume nationally,” states the report.
“Beyond the impacts of the pandemic, the alternative financial services market has shifted online and expanded to include underregulated products like installment loans, earned wage advance, and buy now pay later”, the report continues. “Rent-a-bank’ schemes, in which a non-bank company uses an out-of-state bank offer loans that evade state usury caps, have also made payday lending more readily available even in states with legal protections.”
Dr. Bobbie Jeanne Little: A Lifetime of Service and Education Discover the inspiring story of Dr. Bobbie Jeanne Little, a dedicated educator and advocate for youth and families, with a 45-year career in education and community service.
By Milton Kirby | Wadesboro, NC | March 17, 2025
Rarely do individuals discover their passion and calling early enough to allow it to be a part of their lifelong journey, but Dr. Bobbie Little did.
It is not often that the things, people, and places that I write about include my own personal experiences, thoughts, and emotions. This piece is different. Dr. Little is my sister. I remember vividly, as if it were yesterday, when she walked, no, she marched down the aisle with the kind of glee that you might see in the eyes of a six-year-old on Christmas morning to marry one of my five brothers in 1977.
Photo by Milton Kirby – Bobbie Little
Some years later, their ways parted. Even to this day, she remains a sister to the rest of us, and more importantly, she continues to be a thoughtful, generous, and caring daughter to my 94-year-old mother.
Over the years Bobbie and I have monitored each other’s careers, ups and downs, successes and failures. But somehow, along the way I lost track of some of her accomplishments. Could it be because my own work started to take more of my time and energy? Did I become a less concerned and loving brother? Or maybe, my subscription to the Anson Record expired and I did not notice for several years.
There has to be an explanation. Let’s hope that the journey we are taking today will help us discover some of her accomplishments and accolades, which I lost track of.
In my collection of memorabilia, I found the following: Thursday, April 9, 1987, from the Anson Record and The Messenger and Intelligencer, Bobbie Little Kirby Outstanding Young Woman of America For 1986. She was selected in recognition of her outstanding ability, accomplishments, and service to the community. Wednesday, July 31, 1996, Kirby will be the assistant principal in Mt. Gilead. Bobbie Little Kirby accepted a position with the Montgomery County School System at the West Middle School. In 2003, Leadership Anson graduated a new class; Bobbie was one of the 12 graduates of the seventh Leadership Anson class. Saturday, September 13, 2003, The National Association of University Women Wadesboro Branch, Honors Bobbie Jeanne Little as Woman of the Year 2003. This was an exceptionally special occasion as I joined her sister Georgia and her nieces in delivering our own tributes to Bobbie at this momentous occasion. Wednesday, May 26, 2004, Bobbie Little earns an education doctorate. Her dissertation, “Factors Relating to the Achievement Gap In Selected North Carolina Rural Elementary Schools.”
I frequently hear people say of someone else and, from time to time, themselves that they got “emotional.” I am still unclear on what that means. As someone who has lived more than half of my life, I am not embarrassed to say that as I worked on this piece, tears constantly dripped from my eyes. Each tear represented a time that Bobbie made me or someone else laugh or feel encouraged and cared for.
Dr. Little’s interest in the betterment of others showed through practically everything she touched, including her doctorate dissertation. She was concerned about student achievement in elementary schools in Anson County. She researched the problem and has worked tirelessly to remedy the achievement gaps.
When you read Dr. Little’s official bio, you see the following: “Dr. Bobbie Jeanne Little is the daughter of the late Richard and Esther Rorie Little of Wadesboro, NC, and was born and raised in the Ruby Orchards area of Lilesville, NC. She has served 45 years as an educator and advocator for youth and families. She began her educational career as a Reading Tutor at McRae School in Morven, NC and then as a bus driver and teacher assistant at T.W. Bennett Elementary School in Lilesville, NC. Furthering her studies, as she worked, she would earn a certification enabling her to serve as a teacher and assistant principal in Anson County Schools. She served as principal in Montgomery County and Wake County. Later, she was Director of Education for the Central Region of North Carolina’s Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, she retired after 33 years of service to the State of NC.”
After retiring from the State of North Carolina, she began a new career as a college professor and clinical supervisor of student teachers in the Department of Education at Shaw University. She worked there for 10.5 years. While working at Shaw University, she also served as an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, supervising student teachers. At opportune times, Dr. Little taught at Richmond Community College, South Piedmont Community College, and Wake Technical Community Colleges as an evening adjunct faculty member. Even though she has had an illustrious career and decades of service, she has agreed to return to Shaw University in the Fall of 2025.”
The view of Dr. Little, as she is known and called by most of her colleagues, is something like this. She is known for developing phenomenal relationships with parents and empowering them to be actively involved in their children’s education. One of her philosophies can be summed up as “For Children’s Sake.” While teaching in public schools, she often taught students who were not the highest academic achievers. However, overall, her students showed significant growth from the beginning of the year to the end of the year. When asked about this, she attributes much of this success to building relationships and communication between parents and stakeholders.
She truly believes that more learning will occur when students know that educators care about and believe in them. She believes that relationships built on compassion and trust will produce massive positive outcomes for all. While she was a classroom teacher, her firm and fair classroom management and leadership skills were recognized by her colleagues. She was encouraged to begin her studies in school administration.
Dr. Little did not go to college directly out of high school. She raised a daughter who eventually followed in her footsteps into education; she cared for both of her ailing parents until their subsequent passing. No, Bobbie’s educational journey was not typical, but the way countless others have achieved their educational success.
Mr. Michael Freeman – Retired superintendent Anson County, NC schools
Bobbie considers herself “a teacher first” in whatever capacity she serves. In her 40-plus years of service, she has received numerous honors and awards, including All-State School Board recognition for outstanding service to the education of North Carolina’s Children. Her fellow board members nominated her to serve on the North Carolina School Board Association’s Legislative Committee. She was appointed as Commissioner of the North Carolina Principal Fellows Program in 2024.
Dr. Little has also found time to serve on the boards of the State Employee Credit Union, Anson Regional Medical Services, Anson County Zoning Board, Anson County 4-H Youth Promises, Closing the Achievement Advisory Board, and Anson County Juvenile Crime Prevention Council. She is serving her fourth term on the Anson County School Board, where she has served as chairman and vice chairman.
On March 30, 2012, Dr. Little became the first African American and first female in Anson County to receive the North Carolina Order of the Long Leaf Pine Award for service from Governor Beverly Purdue. Since its creation in 1963, the Long Leaf Pine Award has been presented to honor persons with a proven record of service to the State of North Carolina or some other notable achievement and to others as a gesture of friendship and goodwill. Upon being named to The Order of the Long Leaf Pine, the honoree receives a certificate by which the Governor confers upon the recipient “…the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary privileged to enjoy fully all rights granted to members of this exalted order.
Bobbie has been recognized and honored by the North Carolina School Board Association, H.O.L.L.A. (Community Impact Award), National Association of University Women (NAUW) for service from the branch, sectional, and national levels, Governor’s Volunteer Award, and churches in the community. She is a member of Anson Women’s League, Linkon Chapter #564 Order of the Eastern Star, PHA, Lifetime Member of NAACP, and Golden Life Member of Union County Alumnae Chapter, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.
Christina Rose former student of Dr. Little
In her spare time, she enjoys reading, fitness walking, traveling, and golf. When she is faced with challenging tasks, she finds solace on the golf course and fitness walking. She is a member of the Ladies Professional Golf Association-Amateurs, Sandhills and Charlotte Chapters, Carolina Golf Association, and the Seven Lakes Women’s Golf Association.
She does motivational speaking for programs serving youth during summer programs and other times.
Did I mention that Bobbie has a forgiving heart of gold? In 1977, Bobbie bestowed upon me the honor of capturing her wedding day on film. I borrowed a large format camera from the high school photography instructor. I had only used the box-shaped Mamiya once before. I managed to find all the angles and did not miss a special moment during the wedding ceremony. I soon ran out of film. Then I pulled out my Petri 35mm for the reminder of the ceremony. When the film was developed, I did not have one picture on the large format camera, I had loaded the film incorrectly. I did manage to get a few good shots with my Petri. I was forgiven.
It has been said that “imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.” Bobbie’s daughter watched her life journey and decided follow and imitate. Kimelon, is a graduate of UNC-Pembroke and UNC-Chapel Hill. She received certifications from Pfeiffer University and Gardner Webb University. She is employed by the Wake County Public School System in the Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment Department serving over 40 elementary schools. She is pursuing doctoral studies currently. Prior to this position, she taught in Anson, Durham, and Wake County Public Schools.
Webster defines a “living legend” as a person who is famous while still living for doing something extremely well.
Webster defines “famous” as widely known, honored for achievement, excellent, or first-rate.
Dr. Bobbie J. Little, my sister and a teacher first.
Jonathan Clements reflects on the life changes driven by his terminal cancer diagnosis at age 61. Despite his prior focus on frugality and saving for retirement, he now prioritizes enjoying daily life, simplifying finances, and ensuring his family’s financial security. His philosophy embraces making meaningful memories while managing his health challenges.
I Saved And Planned For A Long One. Then I Heard From My Doctor.
By Jonathan Clements
This won’t come as a big surprise: Dying makes you look at the world in a different way—the world of money included. Among friends and family, I’m known for hard work and self-discipline. I spent almost two decades at The Wall Street Journal, churning out personal finance columns every week. I saved so diligently that I could have retired at age 51, but instead opted to write books and launch a personal finance website. My self-control extends to exercise: I’ve run or bicycled pretty much every day since 1995.
Courtesy – Jonathan Clements
What was my reward for this life of industry, frugality and clean living? In May 2024, at age 61, I got an out-of-the-blue diagnosis of cancer, the result of a defective gene. The cancer had metastasized from my lung to my chest, liver and brain. My oncologist said I might have a year to live. I’m hoping for a tad longer because my body has responded well to treatment. Still, it’s only a matter of time before cancer gets the upper hand.
In the meantime, I find myself wandering through life with a different mindset from almost everybody else. How so? Here are 19 ways that my thinking and my finances have been transformed by my diagnosis.
1. I spent nearly my entire adult life saving like crazy so I could retire in comfort—and yet, faced with my terminal illness, I have no plans to retire. Instead, I want to keep doing what I’ve been doing for years: getting up early, making coffee, exercising, writing and editing, napping after lunch, taking an afternoon walk, enjoying an evening glass of wine. These are the things that bring me pleasure each day, and I have no desire to stop now.
2. Do I regret my decades of frugality, including previously living for 20 years in a modest house I never much liked? Far from it. The money I saved won’t go toward my retirement, but it still bought me a lot of happiness—because it allowed me to avoid financial worries for much of my adult life.
3. I could spend with reckless abandon now, but my old frugality persists. My partner, Elaine, and I had been living together for four years and were already engaged when I got my diagnosis. We married four days later, partly because she won’t qualify for Social Security survivor benefits unless I’m still alive nine months after our wedding. Since then, we’ve taken a few special trips, and we have a few more planned. But I’ll only open up my wallet so far. You won’t find me paying $5,000 to fly business class to Europe.
4. Never an enthusiastic shopper, I’m now even less inclined to buy new things. Last fall, Elaine insisted I purchase new shoes for my son’s December 2024 wedding. I wear those shoes whenever I get the chance—because it’s the only way I could justify the cost.
5. Gifting has become a top financial goal. One reason I’m not spending like crazy: I want to make sure I bequeath a healthy sum to Elaine and my two children, now in their 30s, from my previous marriage. I also made some financial gifts right away, including writing large checks to my kids and funding 529 college savings plans for my two grandsons.
6. I’ve long invested aggressively, keeping 80 percent or more of my portfolio in stock-index funds. Now that I know it’s likely I won’t live more than another year or two, I’m even more aggressive. Why? I’m no longer investing for my retirement. Instead, I’m investing for my heirs, and their time horizon is far longer than mine.
7. Because old age is no longer in the cards, all kinds of issues are off the table. I don’t have to fret over future long-term care costs, or whether to choose original Medicare or Medicare Advantage, or how to minimize my retirement tax bill. Instead, my top priority is making sure everything is in good shape for my heirs.
8. As of my 62nd birthday in January of this year, I could have applied for Social Security. But I won’t. My goal is to get Elaine a healthy stream of Social Security benefits. After much research—including a consultation with the developer of opensocialsecurity.com, a free Social Security strategy calculator—I figured out that in our situation, I should skip claiming. Instead, Elaine will claim survivor benefits based on my earnings record when I die. Once she turns 70, she’ll swap to a benefit based on her own record.
9. I thought my financial affairs were well organized. I was kidding myself. I’ve spent months shredding old tax returns, ripping up investment statements and organizing what remains. I fear that if I don’t throw out unneeded paperwork, my family will think it’s important—and I will have bequeathed them unnecessary confusion.
10. There’s always more to throw away. I’ve moved four times since 2011, shedding possessions on each occasion. Yet I keep finding more things to toss or give away. My 13 years of downsizing have taught me to be ruthless. The fact is, there’s nothing that I’ve unloaded over the past 13 years that I wish I could have back.
11. For years, I’ve been carting around a box of old mail: notes from old girlfriends, Christmas cards from 1986, letters I got while at college. Mixed in there was some really bad poetry I wrote. Did I carefully review everything in the box? Hardly. I tore up most items after a quick glance and added them to the recycling bin. Am I glad my kids will never see all this stuff? You bet.
12. My finances were pretty simple, but I’ve been simplifying them even more. I’ve closed two of my four credit cards, liquidated a small IRA I inherited from my father, and folded a solo Roth 401(k) into my Roth IRA. All this is a whole lot easier for me to do now than it will be after my death, when family members will have to produce death certificates and prove they have the authority to act.
13. I’ve added Elaine to my various insurance policies and made her the joint account holder on my two checking accounts. One of those checking accounts is debited for all utilities—gas, water, electricity, inter-net, cell phones—so it’ll be easy for her to take over the household finances.
14. Two days after I was diagnosed with cancer, I sat down with Elaine and my children to walk them through my estate plan. I quickly realized one conversation wouldn’t be enough. Stuff that was second nature to a financial nerd like me was baffling to them—things like the difference between traditional and Roth IRAs and what a “step-up in cost basis” means. Since then, I’ve fielded countless questions from Elaine and my kids.
15. Even as I tidy up my affairs, I’m also getting the house fixed up, including taking on a two-month bathroom remodeling project. I’ve learned that this is an affliction that often hits men confronting their mortality: They want to make sure all is in good order for their spouse or partner.
16. Time has always been more valuable than money, and never more so than right now. I want to devote each day to the things that I really care about, while minimizing annoyances. What if contractors or customer service reps are being unresponsive? If necessary, I’ll play the C card, telling them I don’t have long to live. Yes, it’s surprisingly effective.
17. As news of my cancer has spread, I’ve been inundated with countless messages. If I read every book about cancer that’s been recommended to me or agreed to meet with everybody who wanted to visit, I’d have no time for the things that matter to me. The good news: When a dying man says “No,” people tend to listen.
18. I still want to make a difference in the lives of others. That’s why I continue to write and edit every day. In return, I end each day feeling fulfilled and with that pleasant sense of progress that makes me happy.
19. I refuse to feel angry about my bad luck or despondent over the years I’ll never enjoy. Instead, I’m determined to make the most of each day. I’ve long thought happiness has three key ingredients: a sense of financial security, time with family and friends, and doing work I love. My diagnosis has made me even more focused on those three things.
Every few months, I have a brain MRI and a body scan to see whether the cancer has spread. Every three weeks, I get blood drawn, which may offer a warning sign of trouble. Someday—maybe next month, maybe next year—the results won’t be in my favor.
Until then, Elaine and I will continue to make plans for the four or five months that lie ahead, but no more than that. It’s the frugality thing again. We can cancel hotel rooms and rental cars without penalty. But changing airline tickets and cruises can be costly. And I sure don’t want to be confronted by both death and cancellation fees.
Jonathan Clements is the founder of www.HumbleDollar.com and the former personal finance columnist for The Wall Street Journal.
The Dred Scott v. Sandford case, culminating in a Supreme Court ruling on March 6, 1857, denied freedom to Dred Scott and ruled African Americans could not be U.S. citizens. This decision invalidated the Missouri Compromise and intensified national tensions over slavery, fueling the path to the Civil War and inspiring the abolitionist movement.
By Milton Kirby | Atlanta, GA | March 6, 2025
One of the most significant legal battles in American history unfolded in St. Louis’ Old Courthouse, where Dred Scott and his wife, Harriet, fought for their freedom from enslavement. The landmark Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) not only denied their freedom but also ruled that African Americans could not be U.S. citizens and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. This ruling invalidated the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and pushed the nation closer to the Civil War.
Dred Scott’s Journey to the Courtroom
Dred Scott was born into enslavement in Virginia around 1799 and later moved with his enslavers, the Blow family, to St. Louis in 1830. Financial difficulties forced the Blows to sell Scott to Dr. John Emerson, a military surgeon. Scott accompanied Emerson to free territories—Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory—where slavery was prohibited under the Missouri Compromise.
During this time, Scott married Harriet Robinson, who was also enslaved. The couple had two daughters, Eliza and Lizzie. After Dr. Emerson died in 1843, his widow, Irene Emerson, continued to profit from their forced labor, hiring them out to other families.
Courtesy – Britannica – Dred Scott
In 1846, Scott took legal action, suing Irene Emerson for his freedom. The case, filed in the Old Courthouse, was based on the legal precedent that an enslaved person who had lived in a free territory was entitled to freedom. With the support of abolitionist allies and financial backing from the Blow family, Scott embarked on an eleven-year legal battle that would reach the highest Court in the land.
The Supreme Court’s Ruling and Its Fallout
On March 6, 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 7-2 against Scott. The Court, led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declared that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, could not be U.S. citizens and therefore had no right to sue in Federal Court. Moreover, the ruling struck down the Missouri Compromise, stating that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in U.S. territories.
The Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States (Artist: George P.A. Healy)
Taney actually freed the enslaved people that he had inherited; however, he believed that the Federal government had no right to limit slavery. He mistakenly thought he could save the Union when he ruled that the Framers of the Constitution believed enslaved people were so inferior that they possessed no legal rights.
Chief Justice Taney held the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, claiming that as property, enslaved people were protected under Article V. In addition to this unpopular opinion, Taney became even more disliked when he challenged President Lincoln’s constitutional authority to apply certain emergency measures during the Civil War. Lincoln saw him as an enemy and even defied one of Taney’s judicial decisions. Despite his critics, Taney served until he died on October 12, 1864, at the age of 87, after being Chief Justice for 28 years.
This decision deepened the nation’s divide over slavery, further fueling tensions that would lead to the Civil War. Though Scott lost his case, his courage in seeking justice contributed to the broader movement for abolition.
The Missouri Compromise and Its Repeal
Scott’s case directly challenged the Missouri Compromise (also known as the Compromise of 1820) which was, Federal legislation of the United States that balanced northern states’ desires to prevent slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 36th parallel. The 16th United States Congress passed the legislation on March 3, 1820, and President James Monroe signed it into law on March 6, 1820.
The Missouri Compromise was a critical effort to prevent the nation from fracturing over slavery, but it was repealed in 1854 by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed territories to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford further dismantled any legal barriers to slavery’s expansion, emboldening pro-slavery factions and enraging abolitionists.
Legacy of the Dred Scott Case
Though the Supreme Court denied Scott’s plea for freedom, his case became a turning point in American history. The ruling heightened national tensions and galvanized anti-slavery forces, accelerating the path to the American Civil War. In 1857, Scott and his family were eventually freed by Taylor Blow, a member of his original enslaver’s family. Tragically, Scott died just a year later.
Dred and Harriet Scott’s determination to fight for their freedom stands as a testament to the resilience of those who resisted enslavement. Their struggle helped shape the national debate over slavery and ultimately contributed to the Union’s commitment to ending the institution once and for all.
The Union won the American Civil War. The war effectively ended in April 1865 when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
One goal to consider for 2025 is to learn effective ways to manage stress and implement positive thinking and self-talk.
By Cheri Bennett | Rockingham, NC | February 18, 2025
How are you stepping into 2025? Are you strolling with a pep in your step and a positive attitude, or are you dragging into the new year with negative thoughts and feelings? Research has shown that feelings of optimism and pessimism can affect our health more than we realize. One goal to consider for 2025 is to learn effective ways to manage stress and implement positive thinking and self-talk.
What is self-talk? Self-talk consists of those thoughts that endlessly run through our minds. These thoughts happen automatically and can be either negative or positive. Some of the self-talk is based on actual circumstances and is reasonable and logical.
On the other hand, self-talk can be self-created due to a lack of information or understanding on our part. Too much negative self-talk is what is often referred to in today’s popular culture as “getting in your head”. When you reach this point of self-talk, you are now less confident in yourself and your ability to manage the situation before you. This scenario can prevent individuals from reaching their highest potential or even forming positive relationships with others.
Practicing positive self-talk and positive thinking does not mean that a person does not acknowledge unpleasant situations. Instead, they have chosen to acknowledge the unpleasant circumstance positively and productively. They hope for the best outcome. They choose to be optimistic! In our lifetime, we have seen examples of great optimists, maybe some have been in your family. These people manage to maintain positive thinking and self-talk to turn crises into positive outcomes.
According to researchers, there are several health benefits associated with positive thinking. These include:
• Increased life span
• Lessened levels of depression
• Lessened levels of distress and pain
• Stronger resistance to illnesses
• Higher quality of psychological and physical well-being
• Greater cardiovascular health and reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease and stroke
• Decreased risk of death from cancer
• Reduced risk of death from respiratory conditions
• Decreased risk of death from infections
• Stronger coping skills during hardships and times of stress
Although research is ongoing as to the specific reasons for these improvements associated with positive thinking and self-talk, one theory is that having a positive outlook enables one to cope better in stressful circumstances. This, in turn, reduces the negative effects of stress on the body.
It’s unclear why people who engage in positive thinking experience these health benefits. One theory is that having a positive view enables you to cope better with stressful situations, which reduces the harmful health effects of stress on your body.
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The Connection Between Positive and Optimistic People and Healthy Lifestyle
Stress, environment, and lack of sleep can also affect mood and the ability to think positively. In the new year, strive to find ways to purposely improve in these areas. Additionally, incorporating more physical activity, not smoking, or excessively drinking alcohol are areas of lifestyle that should be examined. Registered Dietician Katey Davidson recommends incorporating foods that are filled with essential vitamins, minerals, and compounds that have the potential to lift our spirits into our diets. These foods include:
Dark chocolate – The flavonoids in dark chocolate have been linked to increased serotonin levels which may help alleviate symptoms of depression.
Bananas – The tryptophan in bananas is an amino acid that’s a precursor to serotonin. They also contain vitamin B6, which aids in mood regulation.
Berries – Strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries are rich in antioxidants. These antioxidants combat oxidative stress, which research has linked to mood disorders.
Oily fish – Salmon, mackerel, and sardines contain omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties which can potentially aid in combatting depression.
Nuts and seeds – Walnuts, chin seeds, and flaxseeds are also sources of omega-3s.
Oats – Oats release energy slowly, preventing the sugar spikes and dips that can impact our mood.
Spinach – Spinach is rich in folate. Folate is a B vitamin that helps produce the mood-regulating neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine.
Avocados – Avocados are also rich in B vitamins and monounsaturated fats. These nutrients are beneficial for neurotransmitters and brain health.
Green tea – Filled with amino acid L-theanine, green tea may help promote relaxation. Green tea also provides a gentle caffeine boost to kick-start your thy with alertness and mental clarity. This combination helps you stay alert and clear-headed without the jitters often associated with caffeine alone.
Beans – Beans are rich in protein and fiber. They also help to maintain stable blood sugar levels and prevent mood swings.
Poultry – Chicken and turkey are excellent sources of an amino acid called tryptophan. This amino acid boosts serotonin production, thus elevating mood.
Sweet potatoes – Sweet potatoes contain fiber and complex carbohydrates. This combination helps stabilize blood sugar levels and mood.
Courtesy Cheri Bennett
To help you focus on positive thinking during the new year, start by identifying areas necessary for change, checking your thoughts regularly, being open to humor, following a healthy lifestyle, surrounding yourself with positive people, and practicing positive self-talk.
If you are interested in learning more about health and wellness, contact Cheri Bennett at Cheri_ben-nett@ncsu.edu. The Richmond County Cooperative Extension Office helps provide research-based education and technology to the producers and citizens of this great county The office is located at 123 Caroline St. in Rockingham, NC and can be reached at 910-997-8255 or richmond.ces.ncsu.edu for more information.
Imaging USA 2025 in Texas united photographers for top-tier education, gear expos, networking, and business growth—America’s premier photography conference for professionals and creatives alike.
By Milton Kirby | Grapevine, TX, | February 5, 2025
The Professional Photographers of America (PPA) kicked off its flagship annual gathering—Imaging USA—on February 2 at the sprawling Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center in Grapevine, just a 30-minute drive from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport
A Hub of Innovation, Education, and Business
Imaging USA, the nation’s premier photography event, saw a convergence of over 10,000 photographers, from part-time enthusiasts to seasoned professionals. The three-day conference was a testament to the scale and significance of the photography industry.
Photo by Milton Kirby Natalie G. attends to network and hone skills
The three-day conference was a treasure trove of educational workshops and classes, offering a wide range of topics from technical lighting and portraiture to marketing, business coaching, and post‑production strategies. The depth and breadth of learning opportunities were unparalleled. A vibrant Expo Hall hosting 130+ exhibitors, offering hands-on gear demos, software showcases, and educational experiences from leading industry brands.
Imaging USA was not just a conference, but a vibrant community of creative minds. The networking opportunities, including the popular Networking Avenue, photowalks led by industry experts, and social events like welcome and closing parties, fostered a sense of connection and collaboration.
This year introduced several standout elements:
Keynote speaker, Shola Richards, CEO and Founder of Go Together Global, kicked off the event with a powerful presentation that energized attendees for the year ahead.
A revamped International Photographic Competition (IPC) with live audience voting incorporated into real-time judging—a first for Imaging USA
Pre‑conference classes from January 30 through February 1, offering in-depth instruction on topics like studio lighting, Photoshop, and niche genres like boudoir and sports photography.
The PPA Cares Initiative, focused on sustainability through eco‑friendly signage, donation of leftover materials, and reusable event merchandise..
Community hubs like the Stadium Club for school‑sports‑events photographers and a Bridging the Gap Speaker Lounge for business development insight from PPA gap class experts.
More Photo Walks, six interactive photo walks sponsored by Fujifilm, Nikon, and VSCO. These free, hands-on experiences allowed participants to practice their photography in real-world settings with a small group of fellow attendees.
Networking, Parties & Recognitions
Conference attendees indulged in photowalks, model shoots in the stylish Networking Avenue bays, and multiple social occasions—highlighted by a lively Rhinestone Cowboy-themed Welcome Party and a festive Closing Party to wind down and celebrate camaraderie. On Tuesday evening, world-renowned photographer Dan Winters received PPA’s Lifetime Achievement Award, presenting at the Award & Degree Ceremony during IPC Finals.
Community Feedback & Atmosphere
Anecdotal reactions from attendees echoed the sentiment that the experience was impactful. Photographers cited fresh ideas, business insights, and valuable personal connections formed at the conference—even planning future collaborations and sharing successes online.
Internet chatter among attendees, including social media and Reddit posts, hinted at excitement around gear demos, mobile‑versus‑traditional debates, and questions about bridging the gap between creativity and commerce.
Looking Ahead
With Imaging USA 2025 wrapping up, PPA has already announced its future venues: Nashville in 2026, Charlotte in 2027, and a return to Grapevine in 2028. Meanwhile, attendees departed with fresh inspiration, new tools for growing their businesses, and a strong sense of community.
Bottom Line: Imaging USA 2025 was a power-packed photography summit—education, technology, and community all wrapped in a grand Texas backdrop. It offered plenty for artists, entrepreneurs, and gear junkies alike.
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Carter Godwin Woodson, known as the Father of Black History, was a pioneering historian, author, journalist, and educator who dedicated his life to documenting and promoting African American history.
By Milton Kirby | Decatur, GA | February 4, 2025
Carter Godwin Woodson, known as the “Father of Black History,” was a pioneering historian, author, journalist, and educator who dedicated his life to documenting and promoting African American history. Born on December 19, 1875, in New Canton, Virginia, Woodson’s work laid the foundation for studying and recognizing Black history in the United States.
A Scholar and Educator
Woodson’s academic career was characterized by tenacity and excellence. He attended Lincoln University in Pennsylvania and Berea College in Kentucky before earning his doctorate from Harvard University, becoming the second African American to do so after W.E.B. Du Bois. He later served as the Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences at Howard University, where he emphasized the value of Black scholarship. Woodson taught in both public and collegiate settings, trained researchers and staff members, and authored numerous books and articles on Black history. From 1919 to 1920, he also served as the Dean of the School of Liberal Arts and Head of the Graduate Faculty at Howard University.
Courtesy Smithsonian
Founding the Study of Black History
In 1915, Woodson founded the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) to promote research and education on Black heritage. He also established the Associated Publishers, a company dedicated to publishing works by and about African Americans. From his home in Washington, D.C.’s Shaw neighborhood, he led ASALH’s initiatives and wrote extensively on Black history, including managing The Journal of Negro History (now The Journal of African American History).
Woodson’s efforts to establish African American history as an essential part of the larger American narrative extended beyond his organizations and publications. His work inspired educators nationwide to incorporate Black history into their curricula, and many sought his advice and resources for classroom use.
The Birth of Black History Month
In 1926, Woodson launched Negro History Week to highlight the contributions of Black Americans. He selected the second week of February to coincide with the birthdays of Frederick Douglass (February 14) and Abraham Lincoln (February 12). Over time, this observance gained nationwide recognition and expanded into Black History Month, which was officially designated by the U.S. government in 1976. President Gerald Ford urged Americans to “seize the opportunity to honor the too-often neglected accomplishments of Black Americans.”
A Lasting Legacy
Woodson spent the last 28 years of his life in his Washington, D.C., home, where he continued his research and advocacy until his passing on April 3, 1950, at the age of 74. Recognizing his immense contributions, President Barack Obama designated the Carter G. Woodson Home as a National Historic Site in 2016. Located at 1538 Ninth Street NW, this site is preserved by the National Park Service as a testament to his legacy.
The Importance of the Carter G. Woodson Home
Woodson’s historic home functioned as the headquarters for ASALH and played a crucial role in advancing Black history education. From this location, he:
Researched and wrote groundbreaking works on African American history
Managed The Journal of Negro History
Planned the first Negro History Week, which later evolved into Black History Month
Led efforts to promote Black scholarship and education
The Ongoing Celebration of Black History
Today, Black History Month is celebrated in the United States and Canada (February), the United Kingdom (October), and other countries. Each year, ASALH selects a theme for the month, and the 2025 theme, “African Americans and Labor,” highlights Black workers’ contributions to labor movements and industries. Schools, institutions, and organizations continue to honor Woodson’s vision by integrating Black history into their curricula and programs year-round.
Recognizing Woodson’s Impact
Woodson’s dedication to preserving and teaching Black history ensured that African Americans’ achievements would no longer be overlooked. His legacy lives on through the work of ASALH, the continued observance of Black History Month, and the recognition of African American contributions across multiple sectors. Thanks to his efforts, the study of Black history has become an essential part of American education and culture.
As we celebrate Black History Month, we honor Carter G. Woodson’s vision and commitment to historical truth, education, and cultural preservation. His pioneering work remains a cornerstone of African American history and a testament to the power of knowledge in shaping a more inclusive society.
Mentoring and Training
Woodson was a mentor to many up-and-coming historians and scholars, including Alrutheus A. Taylor, Charles H. Wesley, Luther Porter Jackson, Lorenzo Johnston Greene, Rayford W. Logan, Lawrence D. Reddick, and John Hope Franklin. The association’s headquarters—Woodson’s home—served as a training center where these scholars refined their research skills and, in turn, mentored succeeding generations of African American historians. Woodson and ASALH also cultivated important relationships with Black churches, colleges, universities, schools, and community centers nationwide.
In the heart of Decatur, Georgia, at 722 W. College Ave., Brave and Kind Bookshop is an independent bookstore founded by local mom Bunnie Hilliard.
By Milton Kirby | Decatur, GA | February 2, 2025
In the heart of Decatur, Georgia, at 722 W. College Ave., Brave + Kind Bookshop is an independent bookstore founded by local mom Bunnie Hilliard. This Black-owned, women-led establishment offers a thoughtfully curated selection of diverse and artful stories designed to inspire bravery and kindness. While primarily focused on children and young adults, the shop also features select titles for adults.
Bunnie Hilliard – Talks about bookshop neighbor
One of the unique services offered by Brave + Kind is personalized book bundles. Whether you’re seeking a collection of beautiful nonfiction books, the perfect art and literature combination for a special child, or a starter library for a newborn, the staff will curate, wrap, and arrange for pickup or delivery to suit your needs.
Reflecting on the inspiration behind the bookstore, Hilliard shared, “In 2016, after the election and after two years of feeling unseen and unheard as a mom of two young Black children looking to raise readers, I had a hard time finding books that had main characters or stories that resonated with the people that I was raising or the characters that I wanted to show them.” This realization led her to create a space that celebrates diverse stories, not as a section of the store but as its core essence.
In today’s digital age, there is a debate between eBooks and printed books. eBooks offer advantages such as portability, instant access, adjustable fonts, and built-in dictionaries. They are often more affordable and environmentally friendly, as they don’t require paper or physical storage space.
However, printed books provide a tactile experience that many readers cherish. The physical act of turning pages, the smell of paper, and the visual appeal of a book on a shelf contribute to a unique reading experience. Additionally, reading from a screen can lead to eye strain and may disrupt sleep patterns due to blue light exposure.
Research from Michigan Medicine indicates that reading print books to toddlers fosters higher-quality interactions between parents and children compared to digital books. The study found that traditional print books encourage more frequent and meaningful conversations during reading sessions.
Unlike digital screens, physical books do not emit blue light, which can lead to eye strain and disrupt sleep patterns. The American Optometric Association warns that prolonged screen time can cause digital eye strain, resulting in symptoms like dry eyes, headaches, and blurred vision. Limiting screen exposure, especially before bedtime, can help mitigate these effects.
A meta-analysis published in the Journal of Research in Reading found that reading from paper has a small advantage in reading performance and metacognition over screens. This suggests that individuals may comprehend and retain information better when reading print materials.
Recognizing readers’ evolving preferences, Brave + Kind Bookshop has partnered with Bookshop.org and Libro.FM, online platforms that support local independent bookstores. Through this partnership, customers can purchase physical books and eBooks online, with a portion of the proceeds benefiting Brave + Kind.
When speaking about operating a small business, she noted “One of the things that I am most proud of is that we launched the “The Atlanta Indie Bookshop Crawl.” We contacted every bookstore within a five-mile radius and invited them to be a part of an event whereby customers could visit all independent bookstores in one day.
We created a passport displaying the logos of all participants. The bookshop crawl was launched on small business Saturday. We are up to 30 bookstores now.
Not only is the bookshop a part of the local community, but Hilliard is also an active participant in her trade associations as a member of the American Book Sellers Association and board member of the Southern Independent Booksellers Alliance and has been a member of many independent bookstore associations.
As for the future, Hilliard would like to expand the bookshop and add a café and coffee shop to the bookstore.
For more information, visit their website at braveandkindbooks.com or follow them on Instagram @braveandkindbooks. They can also be reached by phone at 470-440-5714.
The Martin Luther King, Jr. African-American Rodeo of Champions took place on January 20, 2025, in Denver, celebrating Black Western culture. The event, organized by BPIR, showcased impressive rodeo performances before over 6,000 spectators and awarded scholarships to students, honoring the legacy of Black cowboys and cowgirls in American history.
By Milton Kirby | Denver, CO | January 23, 2025
The spirit of the Wild West came alive at the Martin Luther King, Jr. African-American Rodeo of Champions, held on January 20, 2025, at Denver’s historic Coliseum. Organized by the Bill Pickett Invitational Rodeo (BPIR) in conjunction with the National Western Stock Show, the event celebrated the rich heritage of Black cowboys and cowgirls while showcasing their extraordinary talent in the rodeo arena.
The inaugural Bill Pickett Invitational Rodeo started in 1984 in Denver, CO, was inspired by the vision of its creator, Lu Vason, who drew upon his experience at Wyoming’s renowned Cheyenne Frontier Days. Vason’s quest to honor the legacy of Black cowboys led him to the Black American West Museum of History in Denver, where he discovered the story of Bill Pickett, a legendary cowboy and rodeo innovator. Today, the BPIR stands as a testament to that legacy, drawing thousands of attendees annually.
More than 6,000 spectators packed the Historic Denver Coliseum this year to witness thrilling competitions and celebrate Black Western culture. Distinguished guests included U.S. Representative Jason Crow, Colorado State Senate President James Coleman, Senator Tony Exum, and Representative Dr. Vern Howard, Chairman of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Commission.
The rodeo featured a lineup of electrifying events, with standout performances from top competitors:
Courtesy – BPIR – Kevin Carmon
Ranch Bronc Riding: Marcus Verser (Spencer, OK) took first place with a 70-point ride.
Steer Wrestling: Kevin Carmon (Beaumont, TX) secured victory with an impressive 3.66-second run.
Team Roping: Ashton Semien (Beaumont, TX) and Isaac King (Natchez, MS) led the field with a 13.56-second time.
Ladies Steer Undecorating: Niya Bryant (Huntsville, TX) dominated the event with a 2.01-second run.
Tie-Down Roping: Richard Coleman (Wharton, TX) claimed the title with an 8.78-second performance.
Ladies Breakaway Roping: Niya Bryant (Huntsville, TX) added another win with a 3.68-second run.
Ladies Barrel Racing: Paris Wilburd (Cabot, AR) dazzled the audience with a 15.132-second time.
Jr Barrel Racing: Josephine Gajewski (Billings, MT) earned first place with a time of 16.197 seconds.
Pee Wee Barrels: Kendall Henderson (Beggs, OK) thrilled fans with a 17.091-second performance.
Bull Riding: Anthony Smith Jr. (Houston, TX) delivered an electrifying 84-point ride.
In addition to the action-packed competition, the BPIR Foundation awarded scholarships, fee grants, and book stipends to six deserving students, supporting their academic and rodeo aspirations:
Jordyn Love (Lu Vason Founder Scholarship): A sophomore at Fort Valley State University majoring in Animal Science with a 4.0 GPA in the honors program.
Savannah Roberts (Lu Vason Founder Scholarship): A senior at Colorado Virtual Academy, set to study Animal Science and Agricultural Business at South Plains College.
Haley Mason (Denver Regional Scholarship): An aspiring nursing student accepted at Chamberlain University and an active BPIR member.
Asha Gidden (Book Scholarship): A graduating senior planning to pursue Environmental Engineering and Microbiology at an HBCU.
Sedgwick Haynes Memorial Calf Roping Fee Grants: Awarded to Lindon Demery and Jermaine Walker, Jr.
The Martin Luther King, Jr. African-American Rodeo of Champions is more than just a celebration of rodeo skills—it’s a cultural cornerstone that honors the significant contributions of Black cowboys and cowgirls to the history of the American West. This annual gathering continues to inspire new generations while fostering appreciation for the enduring traditions of the Black Western community.
